no.20081023
V: hello, dear audience. It’s really nice to see you again on TechWatch. Thanks for your listening. I’m your friend Vincent. And today I have something really interesting to share with all of you. But before we get it started let me introduce my new partner, hi Partrica~
P: hi, dear audience. I’m Partricia…
V: partricia. first, I would like to ask you a question. Now you are a experienced DJ in ETS, because , as everybody knows, you’ve been doing this job for over 2 years. But I want to know when you were a freshmen almost two years ago, you were a definitely rookie just like every other members in ETS was. Can you tell us which sort of program were you broadcasting during the earlier days? Cuz we don’t have any idea about that.
P:…
V:…well, I think that was great. I think people enjoyed that. But I don’t think that sort of program is easy to do. Have you ever faced some challenges during broadcasting the program? Can you share your experience with us including the contestants.
P:…
V: oh really? I think you solved the problem pretty well. And It would be helpful for the contestants making or not making this sort of program. Again I thank you for sharing I appreciate that.
韩国研发出会跳舞的机器人
SKorea's dancing robot can also tackle the chores
South Korean researchers said Monday they have developed a robot which can dance and get emotional when it's not tackling the chores.
韩国研究人员于本周一称，日前他们研制出了一种在做家务之余还会跳舞和“闹情绪”的新型机器人。
Mahru can move its lips, eyebrows and even pupils freely to make faces and can emit two kinds of fragrances to match its emotions. It can move upper body parts freely while walking on its legs.
这个名叫Mahru的机器人能动嘴唇、眉毛和眼球来做出各种表情，并能根据它的心情变化释放出两种不同的香味。而且它在行走时还能够灵活地移动上肢。
The robot was developed by a research team at the state-funded Korea Institute of Science and Technology.
这款机器人是由韩国国立科技学院的一个研究小组研发出来的。
"Mahru, which can dance while walking on its legs, was developed as a humanoid robot capable of working in place of a human," team leader You Bum-Jae said in a statement.
研究小组负责人You Bum-Jae在一份声明中说：“Mahru是一款具有人类特点的机器人，它会跳舞、能走路，是被开发用来代替人从事一些工作的。”
"It will open the way for the commercial use of humanoid robots doing housework." “它的问世将为人型家务机器人的商业应用开辟道路。”
Mahru is programmed to follow various human movements through an advanced motion capture system, he said, adding it can move its hands freely to cope with any interference or obstacles.
据介绍，Mahru在一个高级动作捕捉系统的远程控制下，能够做出人的各种动作，而且能灵活地运用双手来应对障碍和干扰。
You said his team has also developed a variant Mahru-M robot with sensors which can differentiate faces and objects and deliver things to humans on request.
You Bum-Jae以及研究小组还研发出了一款 Mahru-M型机器人，这款机器人带有传感器，能够识别人脸和物体，并能根据人的要求传递物品。
However, Mahru-M uses a tricycle wheel system to move about.
不过，Mahru-M型机器人只能借助一个三轮装置移动身体。
Robots seen doing work of 3.5 mln people in Japan
Robots could fill the jobs of 3.5 million people in Japan by 2025, a thinktank says, helping to avert worker shortages as the country's population shrinks.
日本一智囊机构指出，到2025年，机器人将填补日本350万个劳动力空缺，这将有利于缓解该国因人口减少而造成的劳动力不足问题。
Japan faces a 16 percent slide in the size of its workforce by 2030 while the number of elderly will mushroom, the government estimates, raising worries about who will do the work in a country unused to, and unwilling to contemplate large-scale immigration.
据日本政府估计，随着老龄人口的迅速增加，到2030年，日本的劳动力将减少16%。对于一个不习惯也不愿意大规模引入外来劳动力的国家来说，这种状况让人担忧谁能来填补这个劳动力空缺。
The thinktank, the Machine Industry Memorial Foundation, says robots could help fill the gaps, ranging from microsized capsules that detect lesions to high-tech vacuum cleaners.
智囊机构“机器工业纪念基金会”说，机器人可以来帮忙——小到可探测损伤的微型胶囊，大至高科技真空吸尘器。
Rather than each robot replacing one person, the foundation said in a report that robots could make time for people to focus on more important things.
该机构在一份报告中称，让机器人参与人类劳动并不是用一个机器人代替一个人，而是让机器人为人们腾出时间去做更重要的事。
Japan could save 2.1 trillion yen (10.4 billion pounds) of elderly insurance payments in 2025 by using robots that monitor the health of older people, so they don't have to rely on human nursing care, the foundation said in its report.
该机构在报告中说，如用机器人代替护理人员来看护老人，那么到2025年可为日本政府节约2.1万亿日元（104亿英镑）的养老保险费用。
Caregivers would save more than an hour a day if robots helped look after children, older people and did some housework, it added. Robotic duties could include reading books out loud or helping bathe the elderly.
如果让机器人帮助照顾老人小孩以及做一些简单家务，那么每天可为人节省一个多小时的时间。机器人还能为人们朗读书本和帮助老人洗澡。
"Seniors are pushing back their retirement until they are 65 years old, day care centres are being built so that more women can work during the day, and there is a move to increase the quota of foreign labourers. But none of these can beat the shrinking workforce," said Takao Kobayashi, who worked on the study.
研究人员高尾小林说：“老年人的退休年龄推迟到了65岁，日托中心正在建立，尽管这让女性可以出去工作，而且政府也开始实行增加外来劳动力的举措，但这些都无法从根本上解决劳动力不断减少的问题。”
"Robots are important because they could help in some ways to alleviate such shortage of the labour force."
“机器人的重要性就在于，它们在某种程度上可以帮助缓解劳动力短缺的问题。”
The current fertility rate is 1.3 babies per woman, far below the level needed to maintain the population, while the government estimates that 40 percent of the population will be over 65 by 2055, raising concerns about who will look after the greying population.
日本目前的生育率为平均每个妇女生育1.3个孩子，远远不足以维持人口增长。此外，据政府估计，到2055年，日本40%的人口将超过65岁，这种状况让人担忧谁来照顾这些老龄人口。
Kobayashi said changes were still needed for robots to make a big impact on the workforce.
小林说，如果要让机器人发挥更大的作用，还需对它们进行改造。
"There's the expensive price tag, the functions of the robots still need to improve, and then there are the mindsets of people," he said.
"People need to have the will to use the robots."
他说：“机器人价格昂贵，功能仍需改善，同时还有人们的观念，必须要让人们愿意使用机器人。”
The History of Chocolate
American-made chocolate and cocoa products number in the hundreds. There is a fascinating story behind these wonderful products. To tell that story and to provide a better understanding of the chocolate industry and its long-standing traditions is the purpose of this booklet. The Story of Chocolate is essentially a layman's introduction to the subject. It will provide readers an opportunity to view the industry as a whole.
美国制造的巧克力和可可食品以数百计。在这些奇妙产品的背后蕴藏了一个美丽的故事。这篇文章的主要目的就是为了告诉你这个故事，让你对巧克力工业和它长久以来的传统有更好的理解。这个故事其实是外行人士对巧克力的介绍。它给了读者一个了解巧克力工业的机会。
Chocolate through the Years the story of chocolate, as far back as we know it, begins with the discovery of America. Until 1492, the Old World knew nothing at all about the delicious and stimulating flavor that was to become the favorite of millions.
据这个故事介绍，巧克力最早始源于美国。直到1492年，在巧克力成为百万人的最爱之前，东半球的国家对这种美味根本一无所知。
The Court of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella got its first look at the principal ingredient of chocolate when Columbus returned in triumph from America and laid before the Spanish throne a treasure trove of many strange and wonderful things. Among these were a few dark brown beans that looked like almonds and seemed most unpromising. They were cocoa beans, today's source of all our chocolate and cocoa.
在哥伦布从美国凯旋而归，并将他带回来的新奇而奇妙的珍宝敬献给西班牙君王的时候，弗帝纳德国王和伊莎贝拉皇后才首次认识了巧克力的主要成份。其中有一些类似杏仁，看似不起眼的咖啡色豆子。这就是可可豆，现今的巧克力和可可食品的来源。
The King and Queen never dreamed how important cocoa beans could be, and it remained for Hernando Cortez, the great Spanish explorer, to grasp the commercial possibilities of the New World offerings.
国王和皇后从不清楚可可豆的重要性，并把它留给了西班牙探险家的埃尔南多·科尔特斯, 从此开启了新大陆的商机。
Food of the Gods During his conquest of Mexico, Cortez found the Aztec Indians using cocoa beans in the preparation of the royal drink of the realm, "chocolate," meaning warm liquid. In 1519, Emperor Montezuma, who reportedly drank 50 or more portions daily, served chocolate to his Spanish guests in great golden goblets, treating it like a food for the gods.
科尔特斯在墨西哥苦心研究期间，发现阿芝台克的印度人用可可豆来制作他们皇室饮料“巧克力”，被称为热饮。据说在1519年，蒙犬祖玛君王每天都要饮用50杯以上的热巧克力，并将其盛在金色高脚玻璃杯里用来款待西班牙贵客以示对他们的尊重。
For all its regal importance, however, Montezuma's chocolate was very bitter, and the Spaniards did not find it to their taste. To make the concoction more agreeable to Europeans, Cortez and his countrymen conceived the idea of sweetening it with cane sugar.
尽管巧克力有着帝王之气，但蒙犬祖玛时期的巧克力却非常苦，西班牙人觉得并不合他们的口味。为了让巧克力更符合欧洲人的口味，科尔特斯和他的同伴们想到用蔗糖来调味。
While they took chocolate back to Spain, the idea found favor and the drink underwent several more changes with newly discovered spices, such as cinnamon and vanilla. Ultimately, someone decided the drink would taste better if served hot.
当他们把巧克力带回西班牙的时候，他们的想法受到喜爱，并在饮料中加入最新的香料调配，比如桂皮和香草。后来一些人想如果将巧克力饮料加热，那么口感可能会更好些。
The new drink quickly won friends, especially among the Spanish aristocracy. Spain wisely proceeded to plant cacao in its overseas colonies, which gave birth to a very profitable business. Remarkably enough, the Spanish succeeded in keeping the art of the cocoa industry a secret from the rest of Europe for nearly a hundred years.
这种新的饮品受到人们极大的喜爱，尤其是西班牙贵族。西班牙人开始在他们的海外殖民地种植可可树，这一聪明的举动为他们赢得了很好的商机。值得一提的是，西班牙可可工业的发展竟然能瞒着欧洲其他国家达百年之久。
Chocolate Spreads to Europe Spanish monks, who had been consigned to process the cocoa beans, finally let the secret out. It did not take long before chocolate was acclaimed throughout Europe as a delicious, health-giving food. For a while it reigned as the drink at the fashionable Court of France. Chocolate drinking spread across the Channel to Great Britain, and in 1657 the first of many famous English Chocolate Houses appeared.
直到巧克力传到被派遣到欧洲种植可可豆的西班牙僧侣那里后，秘密才逐渐被公开。不久后，巧克力作为一种美味而有益健康的食品传入欧洲并得到喜爱。而后，巧克力饮品成为法国王室的时尚标志。巧克力饮品经由海峡传到英国，由此，第一家著名的英国巧克力制造厂在1657年建成。
The hand methods of manufacture used by small shops gave way in time to the mass production of chocolate. The transition was hastened by the advent of a perfected steam engine, which mechanized the cocoa grinding process. By 1730, chocolate had dropped in price from three dollars or more per pound to within financial reach of all. The invention of the cocoa press in 1828 reduced the prices even further and helped to improve the quality of the beverage by squeezing out part of the cocoa butter, the fat that occurs naturally in cocoa beans. From then on, drinking chocolate had more of the smooth consistency and the pleasing flavor it has today.
以往那些巧克力小型手工制造商都纷纷及时并入大规模制造商。能让可可豆碾磨过程机械化的理想蒸汽机的出现加速了这种转变。1730年，巧克力的价格从每磅3美元以上降至最低价。1828年，压榨可可豆的发明更是降低了巧克力的价格，这种做法既可压榨出部分可可油又能脂肪残留在可可豆里，因此促进了饮料质量的改进。从那以后，巧克力饮料才有了像现今这样柔滑质感和美味的口感。
The 19th Century marked two more revolutionary developments in the history of chocolate. In 1847, an English company introduced solid "eating chocolate" through the development of fondant chocolate, a smooth and velvety variety that has almost completely replaced the old coarse grained chocolate which formerly dominated the world market. The second development occurred in 1876 in Vevey, Switzerland, when Daniel Peter devised a way of adding milk to the chocolate, creating the product we enjoy today known as milk chocolate.
巧克力的发展在19世纪时经历了两次革命性的发展。1847年，一个英国公司引进了经由软糖巧克力发展而来的固体巧克力，柔滑多样的巧克力完全取代了曾占领世界市场一时的老式巧克力。1876年，在瑞士发生了巧克力的第二次改革。丹尼尔·彼特将牛奶添入巧克力并制造出了产品，也就是今天的牛奶巧克力。
Chocolate comes to America in the United States of America, the production of chocolate proceeded at a faster pace than anywhere else in the world. It was in pre-Revolutionary New England-1765, to be exact-that the first chocolate factory was established in this country.
巧克力被引进美国，在那里，它的生产速度是世界最快的。1765年，在新英格兰革命开始时，英国第一家巧克力工厂建立成功。
Chocolate has gained so much importance since that time, that any interruption in its supply would be keenly felt.
从那时起，巧克力就大受欢迎，以致于任何供给不足都能被敏锐地捕捉到。
During World War II, the U.S. government recognized chocolate's role in the nourishment and group spirit of the Allied Armed Forces, so much so that it allocated valuable shipping space for the importation of cocoa beans. Many soldiers were thankful for the pocket chocolate bars which gave them the strength to carry on until more food rations could be obtained. Today, the U.S. Army D-rations include three 4-ounce chocolate bars. Chocolate has even been taken into space as part of the diet of U.S.astronauts.
世界二战中，美国政府认识到巧克力在营养和海陆空三军联盟团队中的重要性，因此美国政府预留了那时被视为很珍贵的舱位用于可可豆的运输。许多士兵都非常感谢小型巧克力块能在他们拿到配给粮食前让他们维持能量。现今，美国军队食物配给中包括了三块四盎司的巧克力块。巧克力甚至被列位美国宇航员指定饮食的一部分。
P: hi, dear audience. I’m Partricia…
V: partricia. first, I would like to ask you a question. Now you are a experienced DJ in ETS, because , as everybody knows, you’ve been doing this job for over 2 years. But I want to know when you were a freshmen almost two years ago, you were a definitely rookie just like every other members in ETS was. Can you tell us which sort of program were you broadcasting during the earlier days? Cuz we don’t have any idea about that.
P:…
V:…well, I think that was great. I think people enjoyed that. But I don’t think that sort of program is easy to do. Have you ever faced some challenges during broadcasting the program? Can you share your experience with us including the contestants.
P:…
V: oh really? I think you solved the problem pretty well. And It would be helpful for the contestants making or not making this sort of program. Again I thank you for sharing I appreciate that.
韩国研发出会跳舞的机器人
SKorea's dancing robot can also tackle the chores
South Korean researchers said Monday they have developed a robot which can dance and get emotional when it's not tackling the chores.
韩国研究人员于本周一称，日前他们研制出了一种在做家务之余还会跳舞和“闹情绪”的新型机器人。
Mahru can move its lips, eyebrows and even pupils freely to make faces and can emit two kinds of fragrances to match its emotions. It can move upper body parts freely while walking on its legs.
这个名叫Mahru的机器人能动嘴唇、眉毛和眼球来做出各种表情，并能根据它的心情变化释放出两种不同的香味。而且它在行走时还能够灵活地移动上肢。
The robot was developed by a research team at the state-funded Korea Institute of Science and Technology.
这款机器人是由韩国国立科技学院的一个研究小组研发出来的。
"Mahru, which can dance while walking on its legs, was developed as a humanoid robot capable of working in place of a human," team leader You Bum-Jae said in a statement.
研究小组负责人You Bum-Jae在一份声明中说：“Mahru是一款具有人类特点的机器人，它会跳舞、能走路，是被开发用来代替人从事一些工作的。”
"It will open the way for the commercial use of humanoid robots doing housework." “它的问世将为人型家务机器人的商业应用开辟道路。”
Mahru is programmed to follow various human movements through an advanced motion capture system, he said, adding it can move its hands freely to cope with any interference or obstacles.
据介绍，Mahru在一个高级动作捕捉系统的远程控制下，能够做出人的各种动作，而且能灵活地运用双手来应对障碍和干扰。
You said his team has also developed a variant Mahru-M robot with sensors which can differentiate faces and objects and deliver things to humans on request.
You Bum-Jae以及研究小组还研发出了一款 Mahru-M型机器人，这款机器人带有传感器，能够识别人脸和物体，并能根据人的要求传递物品。
However, Mahru-M uses a tricycle wheel system to move about.
不过，Mahru-M型机器人只能借助一个三轮装置移动身体。
Robots seen doing work of 3.5 mln people in Japan
Robots could fill the jobs of 3.5 million people in Japan by 2025, a thinktank says, helping to avert worker shortages as the country's population shrinks.
日本一智囊机构指出，到2025年，机器人将填补日本350万个劳动力空缺，这将有利于缓解该国因人口减少而造成的劳动力不足问题。
Japan faces a 16 percent slide in the size of its workforce by 2030 while the number of elderly will mushroom, the government estimates, raising worries about who will do the work in a country unused to, and unwilling to contemplate large-scale immigration.
据日本政府估计，随着老龄人口的迅速增加，到2030年，日本的劳动力将减少16%。对于一个不习惯也不愿意大规模引入外来劳动力的国家来说，这种状况让人担忧谁能来填补这个劳动力空缺。
The thinktank, the Machine Industry Memorial Foundation, says robots could help fill the gaps, ranging from microsized capsules that detect lesions to high-tech vacuum cleaners.
智囊机构“机器工业纪念基金会”说，机器人可以来帮忙——小到可探测损伤的微型胶囊，大至高科技真空吸尘器。
Rather than each robot replacing one person, the foundation said in a report that robots could make time for people to focus on more important things.
该机构在一份报告中称，让机器人参与人类劳动并不是用一个机器人代替一个人，而是让机器人为人们腾出时间去做更重要的事。
Japan could save 2.1 trillion yen (10.4 billion pounds) of elderly insurance payments in 2025 by using robots that monitor the health of older people, so they don't have to rely on human nursing care, the foundation said in its report.
该机构在报告中说，如用机器人代替护理人员来看护老人，那么到2025年可为日本政府节约2.1万亿日元（104亿英镑）的养老保险费用。
Caregivers would save more than an hour a day if robots helped look after children, older people and did some housework, it added. Robotic duties could include reading books out loud or helping bathe the elderly.
如果让机器人帮助照顾老人小孩以及做一些简单家务，那么每天可为人节省一个多小时的时间。机器人还能为人们朗读书本和帮助老人洗澡。
"Seniors are pushing back their retirement until they are 65 years old, day care centres are being built so that more women can work during the day, and there is a move to increase the quota of foreign labourers. But none of these can beat the shrinking workforce," said Takao Kobayashi, who worked on the study.
研究人员高尾小林说：“老年人的退休年龄推迟到了65岁，日托中心正在建立，尽管这让女性可以出去工作，而且政府也开始实行增加外来劳动力的举措，但这些都无法从根本上解决劳动力不断减少的问题。”
"Robots are important because they could help in some ways to alleviate such shortage of the labour force."
“机器人的重要性就在于，它们在某种程度上可以帮助缓解劳动力短缺的问题。”
The current fertility rate is 1.3 babies per woman, far below the level needed to maintain the population, while the government estimates that 40 percent of the population will be over 65 by 2055, raising concerns about who will look after the greying population.
日本目前的生育率为平均每个妇女生育1.3个孩子，远远不足以维持人口增长。此外，据政府估计，到2055年，日本40%的人口将超过65岁，这种状况让人担忧谁来照顾这些老龄人口。
Kobayashi said changes were still needed for robots to make a big impact on the workforce.
小林说，如果要让机器人发挥更大的作用，还需对它们进行改造。
"There's the expensive price tag, the functions of the robots still need to improve, and then there are the mindsets of people," he said.
"People need to have the will to use the robots."
他说：“机器人价格昂贵，功能仍需改善，同时还有人们的观念，必须要让人们愿意使用机器人。”
The History of Chocolate
American-made chocolate and cocoa products number in the hundreds. There is a fascinating story behind these wonderful products. To tell that story and to provide a better understanding of the chocolate industry and its long-standing traditions is the purpose of this booklet. The Story of Chocolate is essentially a layman's introduction to the subject. It will provide readers an opportunity to view the industry as a whole.
美国制造的巧克力和可可食品以数百计。在这些奇妙产品的背后蕴藏了一个美丽的故事。这篇文章的主要目的就是为了告诉你这个故事，让你对巧克力工业和它长久以来的传统有更好的理解。这个故事其实是外行人士对巧克力的介绍。它给了读者一个了解巧克力工业的机会。
Chocolate through the Years the story of chocolate, as far back as we know it, begins with the discovery of America. Until 1492, the Old World knew nothing at all about the delicious and stimulating flavor that was to become the favorite of millions.
据这个故事介绍，巧克力最早始源于美国。直到1492年，在巧克力成为百万人的最爱之前，东半球的国家对这种美味根本一无所知。
The Court of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella got its first look at the principal ingredient of chocolate when Columbus returned in triumph from America and laid before the Spanish throne a treasure trove of many strange and wonderful things. Among these were a few dark brown beans that looked like almonds and seemed most unpromising. They were cocoa beans, today's source of all our chocolate and cocoa.
在哥伦布从美国凯旋而归，并将他带回来的新奇而奇妙的珍宝敬献给西班牙君王的时候，弗帝纳德国王和伊莎贝拉皇后才首次认识了巧克力的主要成份。其中有一些类似杏仁，看似不起眼的咖啡色豆子。这就是可可豆，现今的巧克力和可可食品的来源。
The King and Queen never dreamed how important cocoa beans could be, and it remained for Hernando Cortez, the great Spanish explorer, to grasp the commercial possibilities of the New World offerings.
国王和皇后从不清楚可可豆的重要性，并把它留给了西班牙探险家的埃尔南多·科尔特斯, 从此开启了新大陆的商机。
Food of the Gods During his conquest of Mexico, Cortez found the Aztec Indians using cocoa beans in the preparation of the royal drink of the realm, "chocolate," meaning warm liquid. In 1519, Emperor Montezuma, who reportedly drank 50 or more portions daily, served chocolate to his Spanish guests in great golden goblets, treating it like a food for the gods.
科尔特斯在墨西哥苦心研究期间，发现阿芝台克的印度人用可可豆来制作他们皇室饮料“巧克力”，被称为热饮。据说在1519年，蒙犬祖玛君王每天都要饮用50杯以上的热巧克力，并将其盛在金色高脚玻璃杯里用来款待西班牙贵客以示对他们的尊重。
For all its regal importance, however, Montezuma's chocolate was very bitter, and the Spaniards did not find it to their taste. To make the concoction more agreeable to Europeans, Cortez and his countrymen conceived the idea of sweetening it with cane sugar.
尽管巧克力有着帝王之气，但蒙犬祖玛时期的巧克力却非常苦，西班牙人觉得并不合他们的口味。为了让巧克力更符合欧洲人的口味，科尔特斯和他的同伴们想到用蔗糖来调味。
While they took chocolate back to Spain, the idea found favor and the drink underwent several more changes with newly discovered spices, such as cinnamon and vanilla. Ultimately, someone decided the drink would taste better if served hot.
当他们把巧克力带回西班牙的时候，他们的想法受到喜爱，并在饮料中加入最新的香料调配，比如桂皮和香草。后来一些人想如果将巧克力饮料加热，那么口感可能会更好些。
The new drink quickly won friends, especially among the Spanish aristocracy. Spain wisely proceeded to plant cacao in its overseas colonies, which gave birth to a very profitable business. Remarkably enough, the Spanish succeeded in keeping the art of the cocoa industry a secret from the rest of Europe for nearly a hundred years.
这种新的饮品受到人们极大的喜爱，尤其是西班牙贵族。西班牙人开始在他们的海外殖民地种植可可树，这一聪明的举动为他们赢得了很好的商机。值得一提的是，西班牙可可工业的发展竟然能瞒着欧洲其他国家达百年之久。
Chocolate Spreads to Europe Spanish monks, who had been consigned to process the cocoa beans, finally let the secret out. It did not take long before chocolate was acclaimed throughout Europe as a delicious, health-giving food. For a while it reigned as the drink at the fashionable Court of France. Chocolate drinking spread across the Channel to Great Britain, and in 1657 the first of many famous English Chocolate Houses appeared.
直到巧克力传到被派遣到欧洲种植可可豆的西班牙僧侣那里后，秘密才逐渐被公开。不久后，巧克力作为一种美味而有益健康的食品传入欧洲并得到喜爱。而后，巧克力饮品成为法国王室的时尚标志。巧克力饮品经由海峡传到英国，由此，第一家著名的英国巧克力制造厂在1657年建成。
The hand methods of manufacture used by small shops gave way in time to the mass production of chocolate. The transition was hastened by the advent of a perfected steam engine, which mechanized the cocoa grinding process. By 1730, chocolate had dropped in price from three dollars or more per pound to within financial reach of all. The invention of the cocoa press in 1828 reduced the prices even further and helped to improve the quality of the beverage by squeezing out part of the cocoa butter, the fat that occurs naturally in cocoa beans. From then on, drinking chocolate had more of the smooth consistency and the pleasing flavor it has today.
以往那些巧克力小型手工制造商都纷纷及时并入大规模制造商。能让可可豆碾磨过程机械化的理想蒸汽机的出现加速了这种转变。1730年，巧克力的价格从每磅3美元以上降至最低价。1828年，压榨可可豆的发明更是降低了巧克力的价格，这种做法既可压榨出部分可可油又能脂肪残留在可可豆里，因此促进了饮料质量的改进。从那以后，巧克力饮料才有了像现今这样柔滑质感和美味的口感。
The 19th Century marked two more revolutionary developments in the history of chocolate. In 1847, an English company introduced solid "eating chocolate" through the development of fondant chocolate, a smooth and velvety variety that has almost completely replaced the old coarse grained chocolate which formerly dominated the world market. The second development occurred in 1876 in Vevey, Switzerland, when Daniel Peter devised a way of adding milk to the chocolate, creating the product we enjoy today known as milk chocolate.
巧克力的发展在19世纪时经历了两次革命性的发展。1847年，一个英国公司引进了经由软糖巧克力发展而来的固体巧克力，柔滑多样的巧克力完全取代了曾占领世界市场一时的老式巧克力。1876年，在瑞士发生了巧克力的第二次改革。丹尼尔·彼特将牛奶添入巧克力并制造出了产品，也就是今天的牛奶巧克力。
Chocolate comes to America in the United States of America, the production of chocolate proceeded at a faster pace than anywhere else in the world. It was in pre-Revolutionary New England-1765, to be exact-that the first chocolate factory was established in this country.
巧克力被引进美国，在那里，它的生产速度是世界最快的。1765年，在新英格兰革命开始时，英国第一家巧克力工厂建立成功。
Chocolate has gained so much importance since that time, that any interruption in its supply would be keenly felt.
从那时起，巧克力就大受欢迎，以致于任何供给不足都能被敏锐地捕捉到。
During World War II, the U.S. government recognized chocolate's role in the nourishment and group spirit of the Allied Armed Forces, so much so that it allocated valuable shipping space for the importation of cocoa beans. Many soldiers were thankful for the pocket chocolate bars which gave them the strength to carry on until more food rations could be obtained. Today, the U.S. Army D-rations include three 4-ounce chocolate bars. Chocolate has even been taken into space as part of the diet of U.S.astronauts.
世界二战中，美国政府认识到巧克力在营养和海陆空三军联盟团队中的重要性，因此美国政府预留了那时被视为很珍贵的舱位用于可可豆的运输。许多士兵都非常感谢小型巧克力块能在他们拿到配给粮食前让他们维持能量。现今，美国军队食物配给中包括了三块四盎司的巧克力块。巧克力甚至被列位美国宇航员指定饮食的一部分。
levi1988 - 2008/10/25 10:14
0 comments - add comment - 0 trackbacks
